Server

Types of Server Roles in AD

Web Server
FTP Server
File Server
Proxy Server
Application Server
Database Server
Mail Server
Print Server
DNS Server
Gaming Server
Collaboration Server
Monitoring And Management Server
Virtual Machine

1. Web Server

It Is Used To Accessing The Www (World Wide Web)

These Server Get Information From Internet Website To Your Computer

2. FTP Server

It Is Used To Get Or Transfer Files From One Computer To Remote Server Or Vice Versa.

They Transfer Data Safely Between The Connecting Devices.

3. File Server

It Acts As A Local Shared Hard Drive For Offices.

They Are Only Accessible For Business Internal Network.

4. Proxy Server

It Acts As A Bridge Between Host Server And Client Computer

Data Will Pass Through The Proxy Server Before Reaching To Your Computer

It Adds The Security Layer To The Data And Filter Out Many Harmful Internet Entities.

5. Application Server

These server connect clients to software applications through virtual server

Connections

This allows to bypass downloading data to user computer to access application.

6. Database Server

These server function as a large storage space that are used by authorized users to run multiple programs

According to requirement.

These server keeps the data in central location that can be regularly backed up.

7. Mail Server

These servers stores and deliver mail for clients through email service platforms

8. Print Server

These server connects remotely to local computer to print through a network

A single printer can work for entire team.

9. DNS Server

These servers transform readable computer domain names into computer

Language IP addresses.

DNS server works according to search data and provide information about the requested IP address.

10. Gaming Server

These are used for gaming purpose

These servers connect users around the world for game play

These servers host multi player online games.

11. Collaboration Server

These servers used to share work across multiple users

These servers allow share and store files and give access all the users to work on the same project.

12. Monitoring And Management Server

It is the process for reviewing and analysing a server for their operation,

Performance , security and other processes

These are operated by administrator to check for network health and bugs in the system.

13. Virtual Machine

These Machines Used To Store And Connect Data Strictly Through Virtual Space.

To Create a Virtual Machine, IT Teams use a software named Hypervisor also Known As

Virtual Machine Monitor.

This Can Run Thousands Of VM Through Only One Piece Of Physical Hardware.

ROLE of A Server Administrator

After completing this course you will be a System Administrator

You will administer the servers and other end devices.

Responsibilities :

Install, Configure and Manage Servers like DHCP Server, DNS Server, WEB
Server, FTP Servers etc.
Creating Group policies and providing permission
Install and configure the software and hardware
Set up the accounts and workstations for users
Troubleshoot issues
Ensure security through Firewalls, Antivirus etc.
Upgrade systems with new releases and models
Monitor performance and maintain systems according to requirements
Backup and Restore the Data and Servers
Virtualization
Cloud computing etc.

Windows Server 2022 Features :

It is a 64-bit operating system

- If the processor is 32 bit we can't install it.

- 64 bit OS is faster than 32 bit OS because it takes 64-bit input and gives 64-bit output

- Whereas 32 bit OS takes 32-bit input and give 32-bit output.

Supports Cloud Infrastructure

- You can take the data backup on cloud

- You can install primary server on premises and secondary server on cloud

Hybrid capabilities with Azure

- You can manage your Windows and Linux physical servers and virtual machines hosted outside of Azure, on your corporate network, or other cloud provider using Azure Arc service

- Storage Migration Service makes it easier to migrate storage to Windows Server or to Azure.

Improved Server Manager

- Server Manager is used to add services like DNS, DHCP, FILE SERVER ETC.

- It has customized dashboard which can be used to add the services on local and remote server

GUI based OS

- Windows Server 2022 Can be installed as GUI or CLI based OS

Active Directory

- Active Directory (AD) is a directory service that runs on Microsoft Windows Server.

- The main function of AD is to enable administrators to manage permissions and control access to users and other objects.

- AD has Recycle Bin feature, using it the deleted accounts and groups can be restored.

Disk Quota

- We can limit the users to use the Hard-disk or Storage.

Group Policy Management Console (GPMC)

- It provides centralized management of users' settings

- Group Policy controls what users can and cannot do on a computer system.

For example, a Group Policy can be used

- To allow or block USB and DVD drives

- To hide the services like control panel and recycle bin on the Desktop

- To set a wallpaper on all same device etc.

Backup & Recovery

- Backup : You can use Windows Server Backup feature to back up a full server (all volumes), selected volume, or specific files or folders.

- Recovery: You can use Windows Server Recovery feature to recover a full server (all volumes), selected volumes, or specific files or folders in case of disaster.

DNS server

- The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phone-book of the Internet. When users type domain names such as 'google.com' or 'nytimes.com' into web browsers, DNS is responsible for finding the corresponding IP address for those sites.

IIS: Internet Information Services

- Internet Information Services (IIS) for Windows Server is a flexible, secure and manageable Web

server for hosting anything on the Web From media streaming to web applications.

- It supports protocols like Http, Https and FTP.

Virtualization

- Virtualization is a technique that allows a physical machine to run multiple operating systems on a

single physical system simultaneously by sharing its hardware resources.

Windows Deployment Service (WDS)

- It allows an administrator to remotely deploy/install Windows operating systems on Computers booting from a network adapter

- Saves time

DHCP Server

- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for automatically assigning IP addresses and other communication parameters to devices connected to the network using a client—server architecture.

What is a COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device that takes input then processes it and gives the output

- It takes input from input device like keyboard

- Processing is done by CPU and it is the brain of computer

- Then gives output to output device like Monitor.

- It stores data for further processing

- It understands only binary numbers i.e. 0s and 1s

- It requires DC power supply to work.

Computer Components

Processor

- A Processor, also called a central processor, main processor or central processing unit (CPU), is the electronic circuit that performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations.

- It is the brain of the computer.

- Processor Specifications

While selecting the processor we must consider the following specifications (Features )

- Speed

- Width

- FSB (FRONT SIDE BUS) Speed

- Cache Memory

- Virtualization

- Core

- Generation

- Speed : Processor's speed is measured in Hertz (Hz), Megahertz(MHz) , Gigahertz (GHz) Hertz (Hz): - It is a unit of frequency of one cycle per second.

1 Million Hz = 1 MHz

1000 MHz = 1 GHz

- Latest processors speed is measured in GHz e.g 1.4 GHz,2.40 GHz and 4.3 GHz etc.

Width : The CPU architecture measured in bit for example 32 bit and 64 bit

- 32-bit (x86) processor supports 32 bit OS and software

- 64-bit (x64) processor supports 64 bit OS and software

- Hybrid x86-64 : Processor supports both 32 and 64 bit software

- 1 Exabytes = 1 Million TB (10,00,000 TB)

FSB (FRONT SIDE BUS) :

- It is a track from RAM to Processor, Processor to RAM

- From this track the data flows between them (RAM and Processor)

- The FSB speed is measured in MHz. 333 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz, 1600 MHz, 2666 MHz

- If the RAM FSB speed is 1600 MHz you will get max 1600 MHz speed

Cache Memory : It is a temporary memory which stores frequently-used data.

- It lets CPU to access the information 100 times faster than RAM.

- Cache storage is limited and expensive

- Measured in Kbytes and Mbytes

- There are three cache levels that describe the chip's closeness to the processor.

- An LI cache, or primary cache, is extremely fast and small, and usually embedded in the CPU itself as a CPU cache.

- An L2 cache, or secondary cache, usually holds more data than the LI cache. It can be embedded on CPU or can be a separate chip.

- An L3 cache is significantly slower than LI and L2, but it is faster than RAM

- Path to Check in the PC: Task Manager-> Performance-> CPU (Bottom area L1, L2, L3 details)

CPU SPECIFICATION

- 03.16 GHz,12M Cache, 1333 MHz FSB

Virtualization: If virtualization is supported by the CPU we can perform Virtualization.

- Virtualization is a technique that allows a physical machine to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system simultaneously by sharing its hardware resources

- While purchasing the CPU, we need to check its compatibility through Intel VT and AMD-V labeled over it

CORE : A CPU core is a CPU's chip .

- In the old days, every processor had just one core that could focus on one task at a time.

- Today, CPUs have more than one core each of which can work on a different task.

- PCs support 8 to 10 cores

- Servers support up 32 cores (Expensive & High Performance)

Old CPU (Single Core)

Modern CPU (Quad Core)

Deca Core means 10 Cores

Hyper-threading : is Å process by which a CPU divides up its physical cores into virtual cores that are treated as if they are actually physical cores by the operating system

GENERATION : Size of the transistor

- Small transistor saves battery or power

- Previously we had 28 nano meter transistors

- Now it is 14 nano meter

Motherboard

A motherboard (also called main-board) is the circuit board where we connect the other components like CPU, RAM, HDD, Keyboard ,Mouse, LAN Card etc.

2 Types of Motherboards are there :

- Client Motherboard For PCs

- Server Motherboard

- CLIENT MOTHER BOARD

- It has one processor socket, we

- Can't run the device 24x7

- It is Not suitable for Servers.

- It is suitable for PCs

- Server Mother Board Type- 1

- 4 Processors

- Each processor can have 8

- RAMs

- Run heavy applications like

- Oracle & S.A.P

- Multitasking

- Run

- Server Motherboard — Type 2

- 2 Processors

- Userful for limited hours

Storage : It is used to store the Data.

- There are 2 types of storage ( Primary and Secondary)

- Primary Storage: The storage is provided by memory in a computer system

.e.g RAM and ROM

- Secondary Storage : The storage is provided by peripheral devices other

than RAM and ROM, e.g : HDD, USB Drive etc.

- Primary Storage

- RAM is available in different types e.g DDR , DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4.

- DDR version depends on the chip size

- DDR2 has bigger chip than DDR3 and smaller than DDRI

- DDR4 has smallest chip, Faster & Consumes Less power

- DDRI RAM has 184 PINS consumes 2.5 V

- DDR2 RAM has 240 PINs consumes 1.8 V

- DDR3 RAM has 240 PINS consumes 1.5 V

- DDR4 RAM has 288 PINs consumes 1.2 V

- Different RAM type has notch at different place

- All RAM types can't be installed on same RAM slot

- Slot should be compatible with RAM

- Secondary Storage

- Magnetic storage devices

- Hard disk: It is a 50 years older technology

- Solid State Drive (SSD) : It is a new technology

- Tape drive : It is used for backup. Storage capacity is upto 580 tb

- Optical storage devices

- Compact Disc(CD) : 700 MB

- Digital Versatile Disc(DVD) : Storage Capacity ranges from 4.5 GB to 8.5 GB

- Blu Ray Disc(BRD) : Storage Capacity ranges from 25 GB to 50 GB

- Flash storage devices

- Pen Drive

- Memory Card

Flash storage is a solid-state technology that uses flash memory chips for writing and storing data. Flash storage is very fast.

NETWORK / NETWORKING

As a System Admin, OUR RESPONSIBILITY IS TO MANAGE THE CLIENTS AND SERVERS CONNECTED TO THE NEMORK

Network : It is an interconnection of 2 or more devices to share the information and resources e.g files and printer

Networking : Communication of two devices in Network is called as Networking.

TYPES OF NETWORK

Local Area Network (LAN) : A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a office or building.
Metro-Politan Area Network (MAN) : MAN is the interconnection of 2 or more local area networks (LANs) in a same city. Range 50 - 100 kms.

Wide Area Network (WAN) : A wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) over a great geographical distance. A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN.
Personal Area Network (PAN) : A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network for interconnecting electronic devices within an individual person's workspace within a range of 10 meters. It can be wireless or wired. It involves a computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) ,speakers, video game consoles etc.
Campus Area Network (CAN) : A CAN is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) which are fairly close to each other in multiple buildings.

CAN is larger than LAN but smaller than MAN which covers upto 5 KMs.
It is also called as campus network and corporate area network
It is typically seen in Universities and Corporates.

Requirements to set up a Network

End Devices : lt is a source or destination device in the network
For example:

PCs
Servers
Printers
IP Phones etc.

Media : It refers to a communication channel, which connects the devices in the network and transmits the data from source to destination. There are 2 types of Media :

Guided Media : It is also referred to as Wired media. Signals are transmitted using physical links which provides high speed and it is secured.

Coaxial Cable: Used for connecting TVs with maximum distance of 500 meters
UTP Cable : Used in LAN with maximum distance of 100 meters
Fibre Optics Cable: Used in WAN with maximum distance of 100 KMS

Unguided Media : Unguided transmission media are methods that allow the transmission
of data without the use of cable

RF signals are used to connect the wireless device in LAN

NIC (Network Interface Card)

Also known as a network adapter or LAN card.
It is a piece of computer hardware, used for connecting a computer to a network, either through cables or wirelessly.

Network Interface Card - MAC : MAC Addresses are unique 48-bits hardware number of a computer, which is embedded with Network Interface Card during the time of manufacturing.
MAC Address is also known as Physical Address of a network device
We can allow and deny device based on the MAC.
ISPs allow the MAC address when we pay and deny MAC address when the pack is expired.

Network Devices

Switch : It connects the end devices to share the information and resources over LAN.

How Switch Works :

It is used to connect devices on a network so that they can communicate with each other.
But first time it will do flooding / broadcasting and from second time onward it will do uni-cast

Hub : It is also used to connect devices on a network so that they can communicate with each other but it always does broadcasting.

It doesn't use table as in the case of a switch

Router : It is a networking device which allows different networks to communicate.

e.g : 2 LANs, 2 WANs and LAN with Internet.

Firewall : A firewall is a network security system that controls network traffic based on security rules you configured on it. It is having 3 zones

Trusted Zone
Untrusted Zone
Demilitarized zone (DMZ)

Its main scope is to control the traffic coming from untrusted zone

Access Points :
Wireless Access Point : Like switch it also connects the end devices to share the information and resources but by using RF signals
Can cover 10 to 1000 meters area

Wireless LAN Controller (WLC): It provides the centralized management of all the access points in the network

Makes it easier to manage multiple APs from a central point.

Example Airports, shopping Mall etc.

IP PHONES : IP phone uses Voice Over IP for making calls over an IP network instead of PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

Broadband Wireless Router : Broadband Wireless Router Combines the features of a Router, Network Switch, Access Point and DHCP Server in one device.

For a Smaller Networking within a small campus, the Broadband Wireless Router is considered an ideal solution, so that, (as shown in below picture) instead of purchasing

Switch
Router
AP
DHCP Server

we can simply use a Broadband Wireless Router

Operating System : To run any device like Personal Computer (PC), Server or Mobile Phone, we need an Operating System (OS)

It is a software that acts as a mediator between computer hardware and users.
Computer hardware understands only Binary Language (0s and 1s)
Operating System translate the user instruction into binary number and conveys it to hardware

Operating System is divided into two categories :

Client OS: It is installed on client machines like Desktop and Laptop and It is used to obtain services from a server.
Server Operating System : It is designed to be used on Servers. It is used to provide services to multiple client. It can serve multiple clients at a time and is very advanced operating system.

SERVER OS EXAMPLES :

Windows NT 3.1

Windows NT 3.5

Windows NT 4.0

Windows NT 5.0 was renamed as Windows Server 2000

Windows .Net Server was renamed as Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2008

Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2016

Windows Server 2019

Windows Server 2022

NT- New Technology : Till Windows NT 4.0, Operating Systems were developed in 'C ' LANGUAGE.

From Windows Server 2000 , Operating Systems are developed with .Net.

Windows Server 2022 Editions :

Essentials Edition : License is limited to 25 User accounts
Standard Edition : Full Windows Server functionality with 2 VMS
Data Center Edition : Full Windows Server functionality with unlimited VMS

Windows Server Installation :

Installation can be done by DVD and USB flash.
We will use iso file to install the Windows Server in our LABS
An ISO file (also called as ISO image), is an identical copy of data found on a CD or DVD.
They are often used for backing up optical discs
The name ISO was taken from the name of the file system used by optical media, which is usually ISO 9660
ISO: International Organization for Standardization. We will download the ISO file from Microsoft site and can install it.

COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS FOR LABs :

Computer : Desktop or Laptop
Processor : 1.4 GHz ( 2 GHz Recommended ) Should Support Virtualization.
RAM : 6 GB (8 GB Recommended)
Hard Disk : 30 GB free space ( 50 GB free space is Recommended)
Operating System : Windows 8 or Windows 10 (Recommended)

Software Required For Windows Server 2022 Labs :

1) Windows Server 2022 ISO Image :

DOWNLOAD LINK:

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-server-2022

2) VMWARE WORK STATION : To Create Virtual Servers.

DOWNLOAD LINK

https://www.vmware.com/go/getworkstation-win

Steps to Install Server :

Install VMware Workstation Pro and Open the application
Then Choose Create a New Virtual Machine (i.e., Virtual Server) and choose the last option I will install the OS later

In Guest OS choose Microsoft Windows and in Version drop down choose the Latest Version of Windows Server OS, in below case it's Windows Server 2019

In C drive Create a Folder to install the Virtual Server, so give a meaningful name to easily identify:

Once the VM install, we need to Install the Server OS through the ISO file. For that we need to Power On the VM (follow the below steps):

Once the Server OS installation finished, it will ask to Set Password for Administrator

Then to Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete to unlock, for that we need to Click on the button (as below)

By default, the desktop shows only Recycle Bin

To Enable other Desktop Icons, follow the below steps:

Settings > Personalisation > Themes > Desktop icon settings

Check all Desktop Icons:

Install Drivers by following below path :

VM > Install VMware Tools... >

VMware Tools will appear as below:

Doble Click on the icon > Next > Next > Install

After this we will be able to get the full screen without bleed as below and it'll ask to Restart the VM to finish the driver installation
Just Restart the Server (VM):

After Restarting, we need to Wait for sometime to Server Configuration to finish:
Now we can Create a New User :

Run > lusrmgr.msc

Now Sign Out from Admin and Login with New User just created, it should work

IP ADDRESS

IP address is a logical address assigned to all the devices in the network.
It is used to identify the specific device in the network.
It has 2 versions IP version 4 and IP version 6

IP ADDRESS : IPv4

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a 32 bit IP addressing which means we will get 2 to the Power 32 (4.3 Billion / 4,294,967,296) IP addresses
It was deployed in 1980s

IP ADDRESS : IPv6

The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a 128 bit IP addressing which means we will get 2 to the Power 128 (340 undecillion / 340,282.366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456) IP addresses with IPv6
Still we are using IPv4 by using a Temporary solution: Sub-netting and NAT (Network Address Translation)

Binary to Decimal Conversion:

Assigning an IP address to Windows Server

Control Panel
Network and Intemet
View network status and tasks
Change adapter settings
Adapter properties
Internet protocol version 4
Configure IP address

IPv4 Classification

IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E) based on the first octet (the first 8 bits) of the address. These classes determine the network and host portions of the address, which are used for assigning IP addresses to devices. Below is a concise explanation of IPv4 classes:

IPv4 Address Classes

Class A:
- First Octet Range: 0–127 (binary: 0xxxxxxx)
- Network/Host Split: First octet (8 bits) for network, last three octets (24 bits) for hosts.
- Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
- Number of Networks: 128 (2⁷, but 0 and 127 are reserved)
- Hosts per Network: 16,777,214 (2²⁴ - 2, excluding network and broadcast addresses)
- Usage: Large networks (e.g., ISPs, large organizations). Example: 10.0.0.1
- Note: 0.0.0.0 is reserved, and 127.0.0.0 is for loopback (e.g., 127.0.0.1).
Class B:
- First Octet Range: 128–191 (binary: 10xxxxxx)
- Network/Host Split: First two octets (16 bits) for network, last two octets (16 bits) for hosts.
- Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16)
- Number of Networks: 16,384 (2¹⁴)
- Hosts per Network: 65,534 (2¹⁶ - 2)
- Usage: Medium-sized networks (e.g., universities, enterprises). Example: 172.16.0.1
Class C:
- First Octet Range: 192–223 (binary: 110xxxxx)
- Network/Host Split: First three octets (24 bits) for network, last octet (8 bits) for hosts.
- Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
- Number of Networks: 2,097,152 (2²¹)
- Hosts per Network: 254 (2⁸ - 2)
- Usage: Small networks (e.g., small businesses, home networks). Example: 192.168.0.1
Class D:
- First Octet Range: 224–239 (binary: 1110xxxx)
- Purpose: Multicast addresses, used for group communication (e.g., streaming, routing protocols).
- Subnet Mask: Not applicable (no network/host split).
- Usage: Not assigned to individual devices. Example: 224.0.0.1 (multicast group)
Class E:
- First Octet Range: 240–255 (binary: 1111xxxx)
- Purpose: Reserved for experimental or research purposes.
- Subnet Mask: Not applicable.
- Usage: Not used in general networking. Example: 240.0.0.1 (reserved)

Key Notes:

Private IP Ranges (not routable on the public internet):
- Class A: 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255
- Class B: 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255
- Class C: 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): Modern networking often uses CIDR, which replaces classful addressing with variable-length subnet masks for more flexible allocation.
Reserved Addresses: Each network reserves two addresses: one for the network (all host bits 0) and one for broadcast (all host bits 1).

Example:

IP Address: 192.168.1.10
- First octet (192) falls in the 192–223 range → Class C.
- Default mask: 255.255.255.0
- Used for a small local network.